Osteology ke thuto ea sebopeho le tšebetso ea masapo. Lekala lena la anatomy e hlalosang ha le ithute masapo ka kakaretso feela, e boetse e kenyelletsa masapo a khethehileng. Li-notches le li-grooves li ikhethile ebile li na le sebopeho sa lesapo le leng le le leng.
Thutong ea masapo a batho re ithuta sebōpeho sa skeleton, physiology le morphology ea lesapo. Hammoho le kholo le nts'etsopele ea thepa e fumanehang.
Osteology ea batho e amana haufi-ufi le thuto ea ho epolloa ha lintho tsa khale, hobane e re fa monyetla oa ho tseba baholo-holo ba rona. Osteology ea batho e ka boela ea sebelisoa ho paleontology le forensic anthropology.
Ka mohlala, hangata ho nahanoa hore lehata ke lesapo feela ka bolona, empa ha e le hantle, ho tšoana le masapo ’ohle a hlooho, ho kenyeletsa mohlahare o ka tlase. Re bua ka ho feta 20 masapo, e ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo, masapo a sefahleho le masapo a etsang neurocranium.
Nts'etsopele ea sengoloa sena re tla tsepamisa maikutlo kamanong ea osteology le mokokotlo.
Index
Osteology ea Mokokotlo
Pele o kena sebakeng sa mokokotlo, re tlameha ho bua ka likarolo tsa masapo a likhopo le sternum. Tsena li thusa ho sireletsa lintho tsa bohlokoa tse kang matšoafo le pelo hore li se ke tsa senyeha.. E boetse e re thusa ho hema.
Likhopo le sternum li fapane joalo ka lehata ka tsela e itseng. Mohlala, sternum e arotsoe ka likarolo tse tharo tse fapaneng: handlebar, 'mele le mokhoa oa xiphoid.
Osteology ea mokokotlo e kenyelletsa likarolo tsohle tsa masapo le tikoloho ea tsona e haufi.
Mokokotlo o lutse bohareng ba morao, ho tloha botlaaseng ba lehata ho isa lepetsong la pelehi. O itshwere hlooho, thekeng la scapular, sekoahelo sa likhopo le ho kopanya pelvis.
Tsamaiso ena ea masapo e entsoe ka 24 lesapo la mokokotlo e arotsoe ke li-intervertebral discs le likarolo tsa sacral. Li-vertebrae li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse thehiloeng thutong ea masapo ka tsela ena: 7 lesapo la mokokotlo mokokotlong wa popelo, 12 lesapo la mokokotlo mokokotlong oa sefuba le 5 lesapo la mokokotlo lesapong la mokokotlo. Sacrum e na le 5 likarolo tse kopaneng tsa vertebral, 'me coccyx e na le 3 a 5 likarolo tsa mokokotlo.
Osteology: Lefu la mokokotlo
'Mele oa vertebral o ikarabella haholo bakeng sa ho tšehetsa boima ba mokokotlo le' mele o ka holimo ho oona.. Boholo ba 'mele oa lesapo la mokokotlo bo eketseha ho ipapisa le lesapo la mokokotlo mabapi le boholo le boima ba' mele oo o o tšehetsang.. Intervertebral disc ke eona e thusang ho hlakisa lesapo la mokokotlo le leng le le leng holimo le tlase.
Ebe re fumana "neural arch"., e entsoeng ka lesapo le ka morao ho 'mele oa lesapo la mokokotlo le e nang le likarolo tse' maloa tse kopanyang ho etsa lesale le pota-potileng lesapo la mokokotlo..
Osteology: lesapo la mokokotlo
Mokokotlo oa mokokotlo ke karolo e ka holimo ea mokokotlo oa mokokotlo o tlohang motheong oa lehata ho ea ho thorax boemong ba vertebra ea pele.. Ka kakaretso, e na le masapo a supileng a mokokotlo: C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 le C7. E phethahatsa mosebetsi oa ho tšehetsa lehata le ho boloka boemo bo lekanyelitsoeng ba lesapo la mokokotlo.
Ho fapana le atlase, axis e na le 'mele oa mokokotlo le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng e bitsoang mokhoa oa odontoid. Mokhoa ona o lumella ho potoloha ho hoholo pakeng tsa atlas le shaft.. Ho fapana le ts'ebetso ea odontoid ke spinous process bifida.
Atlase le axis (C1 le C2 ka ho latellana) na le litšobotsi tse ikhethang. Li-vertebrae tsa C3 ho ea ho C6 tsa mokokotlo li tsejoa e le li-vertebrae tse tloaelehileng hobane li na le litšobotsi tse tšoanang tsa motheo joaloka boholo ba li-vertebrae tse haufi le mokokotlo.. Lesapo la mokokotlo le hlahelletseng (C7) e kgeloha pateroneng e akaretsang, mokhoa o hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa oa spinous o fumanoa hangata.
Mokokotlo oa thoracic o bohareng ba lesapo la mokokotlo. E fetela ka tlase ho C7 ho ea holimo ho L1 mokokotlong oa lumbar. Likokoana-hloko tsa sefuba li 12, e bitsoang T1-T12.
Ka lumbar lesapo la mokokotlo likarolo li kholoanyane. Li khetholloa ka ho ba sieo ha foramen ea transversary le ho se be teng ha likarolo mahlakoreng a 'mele..
Litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa mokokotlo oa thoracic: Lesapo la mokokotlo la khutlotharo, quadrilateral spinal process le 'mele o moholo o nang le geometry ea liphio.
Mokokotlo oa bohlano oa lumbar o na le tšobotsi e itseng, mme ke hore mmele wa hae o tebile haholo ka pele ho feta ka morao, ho thusa ho hlahisa li-sacrovertebral
Mokokotlo oa thoracic o khetholloa ka ho kopana ha oona le likhopo, tsena li thibela motsamao hanyane. Mokokotlo o mong le o mong o na le lintlha tse tharo tsa ho kopana le likhopo. Sebaka sena ke sona se tsamaeang ka ho fetisisa likarolong tsohle tsa mokokotlo oa mokokotlo..
Likarolo ke tse fumanoang ka mahlakoreng a 'mele oa mokokotlo' me li thusa ho hlahisa likhopo.. Haeba sefahleho se pakeng tsa 2 'mele ea lesapo la mokokotlo re e reha demifaceta, tsena li shebahala joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo 'meleng oa lesapo la mokokotlo.
Demifacet e phahameng ea vertebra ea sefuba e bua ka likhopo tse lumellanang, e tsejoang ka hore ke lenonyeletso la costovertebral. Ka mor'a moo, khopo ena e bua ka mokhoa o bitsoang costotransverse joint..
Osteology ea lumbar spine e na le li-vertebrae tse hlano tsa mokokotlo o bohareng le o tlase.. Ba phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho lumbar lordosis, mokokotlo wa tlhaho mokokotlong, e makukuno ka moelelo o ka pele. Ke mothinya o hlokahalang, kaha ka lebaka la sena mokokotlo oa mokokotlo o fokotsa meroalo e mengata ea letsatsi le letsatsi.
Li tšoana ka sebōpeho le li-vertebrae tse ling, the osteology ea mong le e mong vertebra lumbar ka bonoa ka tsela e latelang:
- 'Mele o bōpehile joaloka liphio, e khobehlane karolong e ka pele, sephara mokokotlong. Lesapo la mokokotlo le na le kgutlotharo.
- Mekhoa e fapaneng e hlahisoa ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli. L3 e na le lits'ebetso tse telele ka ho fetesisa tsa lumbar spine.
- Lehare le sephara ebile le tenya.
- Mekhoa e phahameng le e tlaase ea articular e fumaneha ka lehlakoreng la lateral la laminae, bonngoeng le pedicle, e hokahaneng ka pars interarticularis
- Mokhoa oa spinous o khutšoanyane, gross, mme o bopehile jwaloka selepe.
Manonyeletso a sefahleho, mehala ea zygapophyseal, dumella metsamao ya ho kobeha, katoloso le ho koeteloa. Ho potoloha hoa fokola haholo 'me ho ka etsahala ka mokhoa o fokolang manonyeletsong a lumbosacral.
Osteology: sacrum
Sacrum ke lesapo le leholo, le nang le sebōpeho sa kgutlotharo botlaaseng ba lesapo la mokokotlo., karolong e ka holimo le e ka morao ea lesapo la pelvic. E kenya joalo ka lekhalo pakeng tsa masapo a mabeli a noka.
Karolo ea eona e ka holimo e hokahana le vertebra ea ho qetela ea lumbar le karolo e ka tlase e nang le coccyx. Ho bana ba ka tlase 15 lilemo, e hlaha ka hara masapo a mokokotlo a mahlano a sa kopanngoang. Tsena li qala ho kopana pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 16 a 18 lilemo. Lilemong tsa 26 lilemo li lebeletsoe hore li kopanngoe ka ho feletseng hore e be lesapo le le leng.