Osteology chidzidzo chechimiro uye kushanda kwemapfupa. Iri bazi reanotsanangura anatomy haringodzidzi mapfupa kazhinji, inosanganisirawo mapfupa chaiwo. Notches uye grooves zvakasiyana uye hunhu hwebhonzo rega rega.
Mune osteology yemunhu tinodzidza anatomy ye skeleton, iyo physiology uye morphology yemapfupa. Zvakare nekukura nekusimudzirwa kwezvinhu zviripo.
Osteology yemunhu yakabatana zvakanyanya nekuchera matongo, nokuti inoita kuti tizive madzitateguru edu. Osteology yevanhu inogonawo kushandiswa mu paleontology uye forensic anthropology.
Semuenzaniso, zvinowanzofungwa kuti dehenya rinongova bhonzo pacharo, asi chokwadi akafanana mapfupa ose omusoro, kusanganisira shaya yezasi. Tiri kutaura pamusoro kupfuura 20 mapfupa, iyo inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka makuru maviri, mapfupa echiso uye mapfupa anoumba neurocranium.
Mukuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa chino tichatarisa pahukama hwe osteology uye musana.
Index
Spinal Osteology
Asati apinda munharaunda yemusana, tinofanira kutaura zvimiro zvebhoni zvembabvu uye sternum. Izvi zvinobatsira kudzivirira zvimiro zvakakosha zvakaita semapapu edu nemoyo kubva mukukuvadzwa.. Rinotibatsirawo kufema.
Mbabvu uye sternum zvakasiyana-siyana sedehenya neimwe nzira. Semuyenzaniso, iyo sternum yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana: handlebar, muviri uye xiphoid maitiro.
Spinal osteology inosanganisa ese mabhonzo zvimiro uye nekwavanogara.
Muzongoza uri mumashure memutsetse wepakati, kubva pasi pedehenya kusvika panotsemuka. Anobata musoro wake, chiuno chescapular, mbabvu uye inobatanidza chiuno.
Iyi bone system inoumbwa ne 24 vertebrae yakaparadzaniswa ne intervertebral discs uye sacral segments. Iwo vertebrae akaiswa mumapoka anobva pane osteology nenzira iyi: 7 vertebrae mumutsipa wekervical, 12 vertebrae mumutsipa wechipfuva uye 5 vertebrae mu lumbar spine. Sacrum ine 5 dzakasanganiswa vertebral segments, uye coccyx ine 3 a 5 vertebral segments.
Osteology: Vertebrae
Iyo vertebral body inonyanya kuita basa rekutsigira huremu hwemusana uye nemuviri pamusoro payo.. Saizi yemitumbi yevertebral inowedzera pamwe nemusana maererano nehukuru uye huremu hwemuviri waunotsigira.. Iyo intervertebral disc ndiyo inobatsira kutaura vertebra imwe neimwe kumusoro uye pasi.
Ipapo tinowana iyo neural arch, iyo inoumbwa nefupa rekumashure kune vertebral body uye ine akati wandei ega ega zvikamu zvinosanganisa kuita mhete inotenderedza musana..
Osteology: cervical spine
Muzongoza wekervical ndiyo chikamu chepamusoro chemuzongoza chinotambanuka kubva pasi pedehenya kusvika pachipfuva padanho rekutanga vertebra.. Kazhinji, ine vertebrae manomwe: C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 uye c7. Inozadzisa basa rekutsigira dehenya uye kuchengetedza nzvimbo yakabatana ye musana.
Kusiyana nemaatlasi, iyo axis ine vertebral body uye imwe nzira inonzi odontoid process. Iyi nzira inobvumira chiyero chikuru chekutenderera pakati peatlas uye shaft.. Inopikisana neodontoid process ndiyo spinous process bifida.
Atlas uye axis (C1 uye C2 zvichiteerana) vane maitiro akasiyana. Iyo C3 kusvika kuC6 cervical vertebrae inozivikanwa seyakajairwa vertebrae nekuti inogovana zvakafanana ekutanga maitiro seakawanda eiyo vertebrae pamwe nemuzongoza.. Iyo yakakurumbira vertebra (C7) inotsauka kubva pane zvakajairika, iyo yakakurumbira spinous process inowanikwa kakawanda.
The thoracic musana iri pakati pemusana. Inowedzera pasi peC7 kusvika pamusoro peL1 mu lumbar spine. The thoracic vertebrae ndizvo 12, inonzi T1-T12.
Mu lumbar vertebrae zvikamu zvakakura. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekusavapo kweiyo transversary foramen uye nekusavapo kwezvikamu pamativi emuviri..
General maitiro e thoracic musana: Triangular vertebral foramen, quadrilateral spinal process uye muviri wakakura une itsvo geometry.
Yechishanu lumbar vertebra ine humwe hunhu, uye ndechokuti muviri wake wakadzika zvikuru mberi kupfuura shure, kufambisa sacrovertebral articulation
The thoracic musana unoratidzwa nekutaura kwayo nembabvu, izvi zvinorambidza kufamba zvishoma. Imwe neimwe vertebra ine mapoinzi matatu ekutaura nembabvu. Iyi nharaunda ndiyo inonyanya kufambisa yezvikamu zvese zvepinal column..
Iwo maface ndeaya anowanikwa pamativi e vertebral body uye anobatsira kutaura kwembabvu.. Kana iyo facet iri pakati 2 vertebral miviri tinoitumidza kuti demifaceta, izvi zvinotaridzika sokuora mwoyo mumuviri wevertebral.
Iyo yepamusoro demifacet ye thoracic vertebra inotaura pamwe nembabvu inowirirana, inozivikanwa se costovertebral joint. Mbabvu iyi inobva yataura zvakare nechikamu chinodhura muchirongwa chinonzi costotransverse joint..
Iyo osteology ye lumbar spine ine shanu vertebrae yepakati uye yepasi musana.. Vanoita basa rinokosha mu lumbar lordosis, kutenderera kwechisikigo mumuzongoza, iro rakakombama mupfungwa yepamberi. Iro rinodiwa curve, sezvo nekuda kweizvi musana wekoramu cushions mitoro yakawanda yezuva nezuva.
Iwo akafanana muchimiro kune mamwe vertebrae, iyo osteology ye lumbar vertebra imwe neimwe inogona kuonekwa sezvinotevera:
- Muviri wakaumbwa seitsvo, yakakombama nechemberi, yakatsetseka kumusana. The vertebral canal ine triangular.
- Iyo transverse process inoratidzwa nechemberi pamativi ese. L3 ine yakarebesa transverse maitiro eiyo lumbar spine.
- Iyo blade yakakura uye yakakora.
- Iyo yepamusoro uye yakaderera articular maitiro anowanikwa pane lateral angle ye laminae, mukubatana ne pedicle, yakabatana kuburikidza ne pars interarticularis
- The spinous process ipfupi, gross, uye akaumbwa sedemo.
Facet joints, zygapophyseal kufona, bvumira kukotama mafambiro, kuwedzera uye kupambwa. Kutenderera kune zvishoma uye zvinogona kuitika zvishoma mu lumbosacral joints.
Osteology: sacrum
Sacrum ibhonzo hombe, rakaita katatu pazasi pemusana., muchikamu chepamusoro nechepashure che pelvic cavity. Inopinza semupendero pakati pemapfupa ehudyu maviri.
Chikamu chayo chepamusoro chinobatana nechekupedzisira lumbar vertebra uye chikamu chezasi necoccyx. Muvana vari pasi 15 makore, inoitika muma vertebrae mashanu asina kubatanidzwa. Izvi zvinotanga kusangana pakati pemakore e 16 a 18 makore. Pazera re 26 makore anotarisirwa kuti anyatsobatanidzwa kuita bhonzo rimwe chete.